Define the terms Conservative, Liberal and Marxist History...

History has been understood differently by different people. While some have understood it as the study of the past events, others have defined it as a record of human actions which have occurred in the past.1 However the variety of definitions, it should be pointed out that history does not constitute everything that happened in the past. Only those past activities which have had a bearing on the present are what may qualify to be worth history.2 Just as there are many definitions of history, so are there many branches of history. This essay is meant to define and illustrate the importance of three of the braches of history. These include Conservative, Liberal and Marxist History. The essay is organized in two parts. The first part will†¦show more content†¦According to him, these struggles are perpetuated by the state and economic conditions such as capitalism which produces oppressed classes. He contended that capitalists will destroy engage in brutal competitive struggle s with each other, thereby giving an opportunity to the exploited laboring classes to rise up against capitalism and overthrow it so that they replace it with communism. In communism, there would be no classes and economic benefits would be shared equitably.8 Marxist History is therefore, that interpretation of history on the basis of not only social and political factors but also economic factors. Marxist historians asserted that poverty and diseases of the poor people are as a result of social classes and conditions under which peasants lived and worked.9 The base of man’s problems was to be found in the division of society into classes. Therefore, in order building a society with no exploitation is only dependant on the forceful removal of the capitalist system. At the centre of radical history is the argument that the historical analysis of man’s progress and development is meaningless unless that analysis puts into consideration the economic and social relations aspect.10 This is unlike liberal history which only emphasizes the social and political factors in the analysis of man’s development. So far, it is clear that Marxist History differs considerably from the otherShow MoreRelatedSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 Pages20.05.00. Copyright  © Guardian News Media Ltd 2000; ‘Adoption boost for gay couples’, guardian.co.uk, 07.05.02. Copyright  © Guardian News Media Ltd 2002; and Anushka Asthana, ‘Religious schools â€Å"show bias for rich†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢: Middle class favoured, study shows: Faith schools deny selection claim’, The Observer, 02.03.08. Copyright  © Guardian News Media Ltd 2008; Philip Allan Updates for material from, ‘Gender differences in education: The underachievement of boys, Sociology Review, Vol. 8, IssueRead Moreethical decision making16006 Words   |  65 Pagesallotted its state health department $750,000 to match Ryan White federal funding for medication sufï ¬ cient to treat 20 patients with acquired immune deï ¬ ciency syndrome (AIDS). However, there were 100 patients who needed the help. Public health nurses in each district were asked to select patients for the medication program. A terminally ill cancer patient who is in great pain begs the nurse for more medication than the physician has ordered. What should the nurse do? A man was diagnosed and treatedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this bookRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 PagesResponsibility (CSR) and Ethics in Marketing 4. Have you understood type questions 5. Summary 6. Exercises 7. References 1. INTRODUCTION: The apex body in United States of America for the Marketing functions, American Marketing Association (AMA) defines marketing as â€Å"Marketing consists of those activities involved in the flow of goods and services from the point of production to the point of consumption. 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A Brief Look at Louisa May Alcott - 690 Words

We can see that Louisa May Alcott in every way was shaped, moulded and influenced by transcendentalism. The ‘big men’ around her, Emerson, Thoreau, Lane, but predominantly her own father, taught her how to be a second generation transcendentalist. Mr Alcott cocooned her into his ‘slice of the planet’ and she soon lived her life as a vegan, writing a journal and living on a self-sufficient farm. However she felt a conflicting response to her father’s and his friends’ transcendental beliefs and Alcott found herself torn between many aspects of their beliefs. She struggled most of all with the conflict between her position as a transcendentalist and a member of American society as she discovered it was crucial to acknowledge both. This tension is what created most of her attitudes which then transcended into her literature. Alcott grew up being influenced by Emerson and Fuller’s understanding of self-reliance. This, as well as her father’s teaching, encouraged Alcott to grow into a woman who believed that she had great strength as an individual. However she was aware that beyond every individual sphere was an outer society that was hard to ignore. She had seen the effect of society when it opposed her father’s teaching methods and caused his school to close. Similarly, she felt it shutting down her chances of becoming a successful woman writer who sought to create works of genius. She noticed that with every individual idea, there was a chorus of society stopping it fromShow MoreRelated Importance of Early American Women Writers Essay2207 Words   |  9 Pagesstart (4). Different styles of writing emerged from various early American women writers in each century, there by setting a precedent for those that followed. Anne Bradstreet, Phillis Wheatley, Abigail Adams, Hannah Foster, S usanna Rowson, and Louisa May Alcott established new forms of literary styles like poetry, letters, fiction, and novels in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Anne Bradstreet established domestic tradition in American poetry in the 17th century. Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) firstRead MoreA Feminist Study of Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women5846 Words   |  24 PagesA FEMINIST STUDY OF LOUSIA MAY ALCOTT’S LITTLE WOMEN CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Little Women and the Feminist Imagination 3 Chapter 2 Jo March: A Woman Ahead of her Times 10 Conclusion 17 Bibliography 19 Introduction If the first woman God ever made was strongRead MoreGetting Start For A Clean Slate8622 Words   |  35 Pagesformatting, we are also cleaning out all the Microsoft Word hidden codes and garbage, as well as any text boxes or images you might have put in to your book, accidentally or on purpose. It is these hidden codes and accidental text boxes that make your books look wonky if you just upload a Microsoft Word document to a retailer like Amazon’s KDP or Barnes Noble’s Nook Press. It’s also at this point that I recommend popping over to the â€Å"R: Resources† chapter very quickly. There you’ll find a link to my websiteRead MoreChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 PagesChildrens texts written by child or adolescent authors, such as Daisy Ashfords The Young Visiters(1919) or Anne Franks Het Achterhuis (1947; The Diary of a Young Girl, 1952), are exceptions to the rule. Many famous childrens authors, such as Louisa May Alcott and Lewis Carroll, produced family magazines as children, and bits of their juvenilia were reworked into published childrens books. More often, childrens books result from the collaboration or direct inspiration of a specific child or groupRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesencyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search In literary criticism, a Bildungsroman (German pronunciation: [ˈbÉ ªldÊŠÅ‹s.Ê oËÅ'maË n]; German: novel of formation, education, culture),[a] novel of formation, novel of education,[2] or coming-of-age story (though it may also be known as a subset of the coming-of-age story) is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age),[3] in which character change is extremely important.[4][5] Contents

Sex and Religion Free Essays

Sexual origin and conduct morals differentiate between cultures and have evolved gradually over time to what we now know today. The conflict between sexuality (sex) and religion has been ever present in every cultures history. This conflict, however, comes in two parts: sex as in the action and sexuality. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex and Religion or any similar topic only for you Order Now The action of sex, or conduct, has many different views that can sway easily from polar to polar. From the belief that sex is immoral and dirty, to the belief that sex is the highest expression of the divine, this an example on how the view of each religion differ greatly from each other. Some religious faiths believe that only sex as a means of biological reproduction between a formal marital couple is acceptable and even promoted; while on the other hand, sex for the basis of pleasure is considered sinful and looked down upon. There seems to be little middle ground in any of the world’s major and minor religions. But while there may be little middle ground in the direct interpretations of religious texts and values, the middle ground is made up by society that as a whole is very laid back on such matters with only a few high profile individuals who happen to talk more than they walk. Most people tend to such matters with privacy and discretion. The second of the two conflicts is of sexuality and preference, and this is one that grips our nation and many others when really it should not. Religious institutions have such a problem with gay-marriage that through years of successful lobbying against such marital status resulted in many states banning or suspending this right. This is a clear indicator that the seperation between church and state has become a bit of a fallacy. Out of all the major faiths and sects in the world, the Anglican church is the only branch that even allows homosexuals to hold any leadership and pastorship position. Being Anglican, I have been taught that God just wants everyone to be happy and live a good life. If two same-sex people love each other and are happy, then why limit their possibilities to extend that happiness? At the same time, homosexual couples seem to be the only ones not affected by the hellish situation that is a divorce. To be honest, it is unfair that they get rarely encounter any of the pain that a divorce brings. Plus, it allows divorce attorneys a new frontier to cast their loveless shadow over, and add extra impetus in their reservations in hell. Anyways, it’s none of our or any religion’s business to influence the happiness and lives of generally good people who contribute immensly in our world. In Judaism, sex and reproduction are the holiest of acts that one can do, they believe this act is the only one where one can imitate God and bring life to the world. Of course, like many religions, they sanction monogamous and committed heterosexual relationships with marriage. Though, the Jewish Hebrew Bible prohibits adultery and heterosexual intercourse during when the wife in her menstrual period, or known as the Niddah. Orthodox Judaism strongly oppose homosexual sexual acts, while the Traditional division of Judaism views just male homosexuality as a grave sin. With that in mind, female homosexuality is apparently fine with them – I guess they are fans of girl-on-girl action. Contradictions like this just make the view and morality of sex to religious faiths a huge joke. But there is hope as the tolerant attitudes ofReform and Reconstructionist Judaism in relation to both sexual diversity and interfaith marriage have contributed to the rise in popularity to eventually making it the largest Jewish denomination in the United States. For centuries How to cite Sex and Religion, Papers

The Hungarian Edition Of Cosmopolitan Essay Example For Students

The Hungarian Edition Of Cosmopolitan Essay TABLE OF CONTENTSABSTRACT 3OVERVIEW OF THE HUNGARIAN MARKET 3BACKGROUND 4DESCRIPTION OF THE PRODUCT 4THE CONCEPT OF THE PRODUCT 4PROFILE OF THE TARGET CONSUMERS 5CURRENT MARKET SITUATION 5SWOT ANALYSIS 5PEST ANALYSIS 6STRUCTURE OF THE MAGAZINE 6PRICING STRATEGY 7PROMOTION MIX 7ADVERTISING 7SALES PROMOTION 8PUBLIC RELATIONS 9CONCLUSIONS 9APPENDIX 10LIST OF SOURCES 17ABSTRACTPrimarily based on an interview with Ms. Eniko Horvath, marketing manager of Cosmopolitan Hungary, this case study outlines the historical background of Cosmopolitan international editions and the peculiarities of the Hungarian version. The first issue brought about a revolution in the general approach of womens magazines in Hungary; Cosmopolitan immediately reached a leading market position that it still holds today. The paper discusses the layout and content of the magazine in an attempt to thoroughly describe this product. It illustrates some patterns of the magazine in terms of sales, number of subscribers and number of copies given out freely for promotional purposes. The pricing policy and the promotion mix adopted by Cosmopolitan as parts of its overall marketing strategy, are presented as well. We conclude that Cosmopolitan is a successful business in todays glossy magazines market in Hungary, since each upcoming issue is impatiently awaited by thousands of readers each month. OVERVIEW OF THE HUNGARIAN MARKETIn Hungary the first magazines for women were published in the middle of the 19th Century. In the name of emancipation, Hungarian women demanded more womens magazines, fashion and beauty-care products. At that moment there were around 1,500 magazines on the market and their advertisements were mainly done through first-class fashion salons. After World War I, the so-called feminine press started to fade away and cultural magazines slowly took over. During the socialist era, a new type of magazines appeared on the Hungarian market and remained dominant for 40 years. One of them is still among the leading Hungarian magazines for women and is called Nok Lapja. After its very first issue in 1949, it was declared to be a good, useful and essential magazine for honest, hard-working Hungarian women and remained so until the 1960s, when it also incorporated some elements of the Western culture. The economical and political changes which occurred in the past 10 years deeply affected the magazines market. The feminine press made a tremendous comeback, giving birth to newcomers and forcing old magazines to change. At present one can find more than 50 magazines dedicated to women readers. Some of them deal with so-called women issues in general, whereas some specialize in fashion, cooking, needlework and home decorating. In a market economy, magazines are like any other product, says Andrea Eszes, editor of Cosmopolitan. And products targeting women can make big profits in Hungary. If we just compare how much is spent on advertising each year in Hungary with the budget of the Ministry of Culture or that of the Ministry of National Defense, there is no wonder that this market is a primary business target for investors. The future holds fine prospects to these international glossy magazines that are published all over the world and combine some common characteristics with specific cultural elements of the host countries. But as they emerge and leave cultural magazines behind, they will bear the increasing responsibility of correcting the language usage and promoting visual culture to the public. BACKGROUND Cosmopolitan was founded in 1886 as a magazine for first-class families in the U.S. William Randolph Hearst acquired the magazine in 1905. In the middle of the century sales dropped and the management decided to change the concept of the magazine. Ever since, the Cosmopolitan concept the magazine is for young women interested in fashion, beauty, career and sex has been alive. Helen Gurley Brown, who was appointed Editor in Chief in 1965, approached the idea of Cosmopolitan as a magazine for ambitious, career-conscious young women and even wrote a feminist best-seller. Today there are 37 international editions, making Cosmopolitan the largest selling young womens magazine in the whole world. It has an average of nearly 7 million buyers universally and more than 33 million readers per month. This gives Cosmopolitan the status of the first international first-class magazine. The Hungarian edition of Cosmopolitan was launched in November 1997, in accordance with the agreement between Hearst Corporation/VNU and Erasmus Press Publishing House. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRODUCTCONCEPT OF THE PRODUCTCosmopolitan is a glossy monthly magazine for women. It has a strong and internationally approved concept, which is tailored for each edition based on specific national characteristics. A visually stimulating magazine, Cosmopolitan speaks the universal language of women everywhere. Cosmopolitan envisions itself as a friend, thus informing, giving advice and offering support to young women in a friendly and personal manner. Its impossible dream is to become a lifestyl e, to inspire readers to enhance their living patterns and the relationships they enjoy. Cosmopolitan adopts a positive attitude; it is supportive, trendy and imaginative. The Hungarian edition is based on the original U.S. concept bearing in mind the special interests of Hungarian readers. Overpopulation is Not the Problem EssayPROMOTION MIXADVERTISINGCosmopolitan heavily relies on advertising: 60% of all promotional activities are above-the-line activities, whereas 40% take the form of sales promotion and public relations. Due to special characteristics of the target group, it is necessary that in addition to traditional communication channels (TV, radio, billboards), the product is promoted in cinema multiplexes, fitness clubs, beauty salons, hairdressers and restaurants. During an advertising campaign, the feedback from the target audience is evaluated in terms of increases in sales volume, above-the-line GRPs and through panel research. A successful advertising campaign is one that boosts demand and, in turn, sales. Difficulties were encountered in the launch advertising campaign. The Consumers Protection Office sued Cosmopolitan for the outrageousness of its launch advertising posters; however, the magazine was exempted from paying a penalty fee in the end. This conflict came to the advantage of Cosmopolitan which demonstrates the validity of the old saying negative publicity is good publicity. Business-to-business marketing is an area of main concern for Cosmopolitan, which is also challenged with creating a favorable image to its business customers. The advantages offered by Cosmopolitan as an advertising medium itself are as follows:it fills the existing gap of the glossy magazines in the advertising market;its quality is guaranteed by the international background;it has a well-defined target audience who tend to spend a lot of money and can afford the magazine;its readers believe in Cosmopolitan;it fits to premium quality products;it has quality content, layout, paper and printing;it offers the possibility for various creative units. Cosmopolitan offers discounts on its advertising rates to important business customers, as well as creative possibilities for them to realize their advertisements, such as binding, sticking on a page, inserting, foiling and double covers (for more technical details about business-to-business marketing, see appendix). SALES PROMOTIONCosmopolitan organized a host promotion after its launch, whereby young men offered leaflets and brochures about Cosmopolitan to young women, with the purpose of convincing them to buy the magazine. Additionally, a certain numbers of issues is given out for free to readers on a monthly bases. This also aims at increasing demand. The chart below reveals the patterns of free issues offered to potential readers as a promotional activity:Persuading readers to subscribe and keeping current subscribers are also areas of major concern for Cosmopolitan. At this moment, the magazine has some 1,200 subscribers. Cosmopolitan always has special offers for potential subscribers (they are either able to order a product through the magazine or buy it cheaper from the stores, they are offered extra gifts etc.). Readers do not seem to be very responsive to these initiatives, though . Yet, products advertised in Cosmopolitan are highly successful because of the powerfulness and persuasi veness the magazine emanates to its target consumers. PUBLIC RELATIONSIn accordance with other international glossy magazines, Cosmopolitan has organized a fashion show; on that occasion, it invited the TV stations, newspapers and numerous magazines in an attempt to get exposure in these specific channels. However, it is rather difficult for Cosmopolitan to get favorable reviews in other communication media, since all publications and audio-visual instruments are actually competing with each other for an ever-increasing number of consumers. Cosmopolitan is considering sponsoring some beauty and modeling contests next year; it has not done it so far because of the negative image attached to this type of events in Hungary. Unlike other companies such as Coca~Cola and ProcterGamble, Cosmopolitan has decided not to associate its name with these events yet. CONCLUSIONS An internationally famous glossy magazine, Cosmopolitan is a high-quality product with a clearly-defined brand image and a competitive pricing strategy. Its promotion mix is adequately tailored to persuade and maintain the loyalty of its customers. Our findings once again demonstrate that Cosmopolitan is a highly successful product with a well-defined target group and an increasing market share in Hungary as elsewhere in the world. APPENDIX:BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS MARKETINGTechnical details of the magazine:FREQUENCY: monthlyFORMAT: 205 * 276 mmPRINT TECHNIQUE: 4 color offsetPAPER QUALITY: 70 gr WC and 170 gr ARTTOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: between 132 and 164 pagesCOVER PRICE: 395 HUFINTRODUCTION COVER PRICE (1st and 2nd issue): 350 HUFESTIMATE SOLD COPIES/ISSUE: 60,000ESTIMATED PRINTRUN/ISSUE: 75,000Advertising rates:SIZE FULL COLORCover IV HUF 800,000Cover II HUF 770,000Cover III HUF 715,0001/1 page HUF 550,0001/2 page HUF 350,000Discounts:2-3 pages 2%4-5 pages 4%6-8 pages 6%9-1 1 pages 8%12-17 pages 10%The above prices do not include 25%VAT. Information: Erasmus Press Kiadoi Kft. Advertising departmentAddress: 1134 Dosza Gyorgy ut 150Phone: 361 2703457Fax: 361 1403709LIST OF SOURCES1) INTERVIEW WITH MS. ENIKO HORVATH, MARKETING MANAGER OF COSMOPOLITAN HUNGARY 2) COSMOPOLITAN ISSUES: NOV. 1997 NOV. 19983) SANDOR ZSUZSANNA HOLGYVALASZ IN: 168 ORA 1998/94) MATESZ SUCCINCT PRESENTATION 19985) INTERNETBusiness Essays